Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects how a person perceives the world, communicates, and interacts with others. It is characterized by difficulties in social interaction, communication, and the presence of repetitive behaviors or restricted interests.

The term “spectrum” is used because autism symptoms can vary widely in each individual, both in type and severity.

Types of Conditions Within the Spectrum

Previously, several conditions were considered separate diagnoses:

Classic Autism

Asperger’s Syndrome

Childhood Disintegrative Disorder

Pervasive Developmental Disorder – Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)

Today, all of these are part of Autism Spectrum Disorder.

When Do the First Symptoms Appear?

Autism in children usually becomes noticeable in the early years of life.

Some babies show signs before their first birthday.

Others seem to develop typically until 18–24 months, and then lose social or language skills.

- Early detection is essential, as timely intervention can greatly improve quality of life.

Common Symptoms of ASD

1. Communication and Social Interaction

Little or no eye contact

Not responding to their name

Speech delay or language regression

Difficulty starting or maintaining conversations

Limited facial expressions or unusual tone of voice

Trouble understanding emotions, gestures, or social cues

Preference for playing alone or self-isolation

2. Repetitive Behaviors and Patterns

Repetitive movements (rocking, hand-flapping)

Strong attachment to routines and distress over changes

Highly specific or unusual interests

Extreme sensitivity to sounds, lights, or textures

Limited pretend play or lack of imitation

Important: Autism symptoms vary from person to person. Some children have normal or above-average intelligence but face social difficulties, while others may experience significant developmental delays.

Autism Diagnosis

The diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder is based on:

Observation of development and behavior

Evaluations of language, interaction, and communication

Developmental screening tests

In some cases, diagnosis may not occur until adolescence or adulthood, especially in individuals with milder symptoms.

Treatment and Management

Although there is no cure for autism, early intervention therapies can make a significant difference. Common approaches include:

Speech and language therapy

Behavioral and educational interventions

Psychological and social support

Complementary medical interventions

Treatment should always be personalized and adapted to each individual’s needs.

When to See a Doctor

Consult a pediatrician or child development specialist if your child:

Does not respond to their name

Loses previously acquired skills

Shows speech or social delays

Avoids eye contact or withdraws socially

Conclusion

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) does not define a person—it is simply part of their unique way of experiencing the world. With early detection, proper therapies, and family support, many children and adults with autism can thrive, develop their abilities, and lead fulfilling lives.